Wolves communicate with fellow pack-mates and other wolf packs through facial and body postures, scent markings (urine and feces), and vocalizations, which include barks, whimpers, growls, and howls.

Territories may be as large as 50 square miles (130 square kilometers) or even extend to 1,000 square miles (2,590 square kilometers), depending on available food. The packs generally hunt within a specific territory.

The hierarchy (pronounced HIGH-a-rar-key) or ranking of dominant and subordinate animals within a pack help it function as a unit. The alpha female, who has the dominant role in the pack, will sometimes mate with a superior male (or superior males) in the pack. The dominant male and female are both called alphas, but they may not mate with each other. The social structure within a pack is complex. Wolves live in packs or family groups typically composed of a set of parents, their offspring, and other nonbreeding adults. However, if the opportunity arises, the wolf will kill a healthy adult animal. Wolves generally kill animals that are young, old, diseased, or deformed-those that are easy to capture. It will also eat small rodents like mice. It feeds on a variety of mammals from large hoofed animals such as elk and deer to smaller animals such as beavers and rabbits. It has long legs and keen senses of hearing and smell. The gray wolf is well-adapted for hunting. The wolf’s coat is usually tan or a grizzled gray and black. It can weigh between 70 and 110 pounds (32 and 50 kilograms). An average adult measures 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 meters) from nose to tail, and stands 26 to 32 inches (66 to 81 centimeters) at its shoulder. The North American gray wolf, also known as the timber wolf, is the largest member of the canidae (dog) family. Status: Endangered, ESA (Arizona, part of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, part of Utah) Threatened, ESA (California, part of Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, part of Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)

Oregon 1000 kilometers rar file